Hydrogen deuteride
| Names | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name
Hydrogen deuteride
| |
| Systematic IUPAC name
(2H)Dihydrogen | |
| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
|
|
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.034.325 |
| EC Number |
|
PubChem CID
|
|
| UN number | 1049 |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
|
|
| |
| |
| Properties | |
| HD | |
| Molar mass | 3.02204 g mol−1 |
| Melting point | −259 °C (−434.2 °F; 14.1 K) |
| Boiling point | −253 °C (−423.4 °F; 20.1 K) |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
| Danger | |
| H220, H280 | |
| P210, P377, P381, P403, P410+P403 | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| 571 °C (1,060 °F; 844 K) | |
| Related compounds | |
Related hydrogens
|
Deuterium |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Infobox references
| |
Hydrogen deuteride is an isotopologue of dihydrogen composed of two isotopes of hydrogen: the majority isotope 1H (protium) and 2H (deuterium). Its proper molecular formula is 1H2H, but for simplification, it is usually written as HD.
Preparation and occurrence
In the laboratory it is produced by treating sodium hydride with deuterated water:[1]
- NaH + D2O → HD + NaOD
Hydrogen deuteride is a minor component of naturally occurring molecular hydrogen. It is one of the minor but noticeable components of the atmospheres of all the giant planets, with abundances from about 30 ppm to about 200 ppm. HD has also been found in supernova remnants,[2] dense interstellar clouds,[3] and protoplanetary disks.[4][5]
| Planet | HD | H2 |
|---|---|---|
| Jupiter | ~0.003% | 89.8% ±2.0%[6] |
| Uranus | ~0.015% | 82.5% ±3.3%[7] |
| Neptune | ~0.019% | 80.0% ±3.2%[8] |
Radio emission spectra
HD and H2 have very similar emission spectra, but the emission frequencies differ.[9]
The frequency of the astronomically important J = 1-0 rotational transition of HD at 2.7 THz has been measured with tunable FIR radiation with an accuracy of 150 kHz.[10] In astronomy, this J = 1-0 line has been used to determine the masses of protoplanetary disks surrounding T Tauri stars[4] and Herbig Ae/Be stars.[5]
References
- ^ Bautista, Maria T.; Cappellani, E. Paul; Drouin, Samantha D.; Morris, Robert H.; Schweitzer, Caroline T.; Sella, Andrea; Zubkowski, Jeffery (1991). "Preparation and Spectroscopic Properties of the η2-Dihydrogen Complexes [MH(η2-H2)PR2CH2CH2PR2)2]+ (M = Iron, Ruthenium; R = Ph, Et) and Trends in Properties Down the Iron Group Triad". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 113 (13): 4876–87. doi:10.1021/ja00013a025.
- ^ Neufeld, David A.; Hollenbach, David J.; Kaufman, Michael J.; Snell, Ronald L.; Melnick, Gary J.; Bergin, Edwin A.; Sonnentrucker, Paule (2007). "SpitzerSpectral Line Mapping of Supernova Remnants. I. Basic Data and Principal Component Analysis". The Astrophysical Journal. 664 (2): 890–908. arXiv:0704.2179. Bibcode:2007ApJ...664..890N. doi:10.1086/518857. S2CID 15286019.
- ^ Drapatz, S.; Michel, K. W. (November 1974). "On the intensity of rotational lines of H2 and HD from dense interstellar clouds". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 36 (2): 211-216. Bibcode:1974A&A....36..211D.
- ^ a b McClure, M. K.; Bergin, E. A.; Cleeves, L. I.; Dishoeck, E. F. van; Blake, G. A.; Evans II, N. J.; Green, J. D.; Henning, Th.; Öberg, K. I.; Pontoppidan, K. M.; Salyk, C. (2016-11-10). "MASS MEASUREMENTS IN PROTOPLANETARY DISKS FROM HYDROGEN DEUTERIDE". The Astrophysical Journal. 831 (2): 167. arXiv:1608.07817. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/167. ISSN 0004-637X.
- ^ a b Kama, M.; Trapman, L.; Fedele, D.; Bruderer, S.; Hogerheijde, M. R.; Miotello, A.; van Dishoeck, E. F.; Clarke, C.; Bergin, E. A. (2020). "Mass constraints for 15 protoplanetary discs from HD 1–0" (PDF). Astronomy & Astrophysics. 634: A88. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937124. ISSN 0004-6361. Retrieved 2025-05-06.
- ^ Williams, David R. (May 22, 2023). "Jupiter Fact Sheet". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
- ^ Williams, David R. (May 22, 2023). "Uranus Fact Sheet". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
- ^ Williams, David R. (May 22, 2023). "Neptune Fact Sheet". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
- ^ Quinn, W.; Baker, J.; Latourrette, J.; Ramsey, N. (1958). "Radio-Frequency Spectra of Hydrogen Deuteride in Strong Magnetic Fields". Phys. Rev. 112 (6): 1929. Bibcode:1958PhRv..112.1929Q. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.112.1929.
- ^ Evenson, K. M.; Jennings, D. A.; Brown, J. M.; Zink, L. R.; Leopold, K. R. (1988). "Frequency measurement of the J = 1-0 rotational transition of HD". Astrophysical Journal. 330: L135. Bibcode:1988ApJ...330L.135E. doi:10.1086/185221.